Through the presence of Facebook fan pages, availability on iTunes, Twitter profiles, and music videos on YouTube, the ability of K-pop to reach a previously inaccessible audience via the Internet is driving a paradigm shift in the exposure and popularity of the genre.South Korean popular culture is today serving as a major driver of youth culture all across the Pacific Rim, with special reference to China, Hong Kong, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam.
History
Origins: 1920s-1980s, birth of Trot and the introduction of Western music
In the mid-1920s, Masao Gouga, a Japanese composer, mixed traditional Korean music with Gospel music that American Evangelists brought with and have taught since the 1870s. This type of music became known as Enka in Japan, and later in Korea as Trot (Korean: "트로트").[13]In 1932, a controversial plagarism was caught and condemned by an article in the Japanese magazine "New Young Adult", Gouga's "Sakewa Namitaka Tameikika" was blamed for copying off the work of Korean composer Su-Lin Jeon, which his version was named "The Calm Jang-Ahn". This event triggered a wave of Korean musicians to flourish with talented composers such as Nan-Pa Hong, Gyo-Sung Kim, Yong-Hwan Kim, Joon-Young Kim, Ho-Wol Moon, Mok-In Son, Shi-Choon Park, and Jae Ho Lee becoming the very foundation of Trot music in its early stage. Trot has been transformed over the years using a variety of instruments and mixing different styles of music to become the dominant genre in the Korean music scene until the late 80's. To this day, Trot music still remains as a popular genre for many; mostly with its very sad melody and heart-touching lyrics.
As Korea was liberated from Japanese annexation in 1945, Western culture was introduced to a small crowd with the few Western style bars and clubs playing Western music. After the Korean War, which started on June 25, 1950 and lasted for 3 years, the country was separated into two nations: North Korea and South Korea. U.S. troops remained in South Korea for protection. With the staying of U.S. troops, American culture and the cultures of the world began to flush in. During this time, Western music became more accepted to a wider crowd of young adults.
Improvements in the recording systems encouraged the production of LP records in the 1960s, which led to the pursuit of diverse voice tones.[14] Many singers sang for the American troops in Korea at the time, and the appearance of chorus in performances was conspicuous. At this period of time, civilians were exposed to pop songs by commercial radio stations, which led to the great popularity of pop songs. The Kim Sisters, Yoon Bok-hee and Patti Kim were the first singers to debut in such countries as Vietnam and United States.
In the 1970s, the new career of DJs became popular, deeply impacting the teenage cultures. Guitars and jeans were the symbols of youth.[15] This resulted in the introduction of more folk singers, such as Chang Sik Song, Young Nam Cho, and Hee Eun Yang. In 1977, the Seoul International Song Festival was launched, which encouraged cultural exchanges with other countries.
In 1980, the Asia Music Forum was launched. National singers from five different Asian countries competed in the event. Cho Yong-pil won first place and earned a high reputation as a Korean singer in Japan.[16]
1990s: Diversification
The debut of Seo Tai-ji & Boys in 1992 was a turning point for popular music in South Korea, incorporating elements of rap rock and techno. Hip hop duos such as Deux were also popular in the early 1990s.
Beginning of Hallyu
See also: Hallyu
The founding of South Korea's largest talent agency, S.M. Entertainment, in 1995, by Korean entrepreneur Lee Soo Man led to the first K-pop girl groups and boy bands.[17] By the late 1990s, YG Entertainment, DSP Entertainment, and JYP Entertainment, FNC Music had burst onto the scene and were producing talent as quickly as the public could consume it.[11]Groups such as, S.E.S., Fin.K.L, H.O.T, Sechs Kies, G.o.d., Fly to the Sky and Shinhwa had huge success in the 1990s, not only in South Korea, but also outside of the country as well. Especially, artists such as H.O.T, Kim Wan-Sun, Clon, Baby V.O.X, NRG saw huge successes in China and Taiwan in the mid-90s.
Also during this period was the emergence of hip-hop and R&B music in Korea, leading to the success of artists including Drunken Tiger.
2000s: Popularity in Asia and globalization
Many of K-pop's biggest idol groups and solo acts, including BoA, Rain Bi, Wonder Girls, JYJ, TVXQ,SS501, 2AM, 2PM, BIGBANG, U-KISS, Miss A, KARA, SHINee, After School, Brown Eyed Girls, Se7en, Super Junior, Girl's Generation, f(x), CNBLUE, F.T. Island, Secret, MBLAQ, 4Minute and 2NE1 are popular in most East and South East Asia, including Japan, Malaysia, Mongolia, Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Taiwan, Singapore, China, Vietnam.[18] Through the internet, recently, K-pop started to expand to the rest of the world as well, but it yet has not become well known enough to be mainstream in those countries. Kpop has undoubtly caught the interest of the growing new generation.[19]China
Since the late 1990s and the beginning of early 2000s, K-pop started to become well-known in China. K-pop artists such as NRG, H.O.T., DIVA, Lee Jung Hyun and others stayed in China for their performances. Today, Super Junior is the most popular group in China, where they have the largest fandom. Their sub-group Super Junior M had successful results with the song "Perfection" on the Kuang Nan Record, CCR and Hit Fm Taiwan music charts.[20] K-pop has yet to make a major impact on China but there has been considerable success. The Wonder Girls won an award for their song "Nobody" in the 5th annual China Mobile Wireless Music Award in Beijing, China for having the highest digital sales for a foreign artist with a total of 5,371,903 digital downloads in 2010. Their song "2 Different Tears" was also one of the most downloaded songs and their albums have had high sales for a foreign artist.[21]Japan
Although the size of the Japanese music industry is decreasing each year, the total sales for K-pop artists has constantly increased over year since 2008. In 2011, it has been reported that the total sales for K-pop artists' has increased 22.3% during 2010-2011, contributing about 1/10th of the Japanese market. Girls' Generation, Kara, and TVXQ are among the best selling artists, making the 4th, 5th and 9th best selling artists of 2011 in Japan, respectively.[22]
Outside of Asia
K-pop is steadily gaining influence in foreign markets outside of Asia, however, most notably in the United States,[23] Canada, and Australia.[24] In 2009, Wonder Girls, one of Asia’s most successful music artists who sold millions of singles including the international #1 songs “Tell Me”, “So Hot” and “Nobody”, debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.[25] The Wonder Girls are notable for touring with the Jonas Brothers in 2009 as well as making guest appearances on So You Think You Can Dance Canada and The Wendy Williams Show, making them the first Korean artists to perform on an American broadtime show.In 2011, Billboard officially launched the Korea K-Pop Hot 100, the second Asian Billboard chart after the Japan Hot 100.[26] The first song to chart at number-one was "So Cool" by Sistar on August 25, 2011.[27]
On October 23, artists under the label SM Entertainment such as Girls' Generation, Super Junior, SHINee, and TVXQ, held a concert at Madison Square Garden in New York City for their SMTown Live '10 World Tour, making them the first Korean artists' in history to do so. SMTown also toured other locations such as Paris, France and Los Angeles, California.
Big Bang was awarded "Best Worldwide Act" at the 2011 MTV EMA's on November 7, representing the Asia-Pacific region. The group was up against American singer Britney Spears and won with over 58 million votes.[28]
On November 10, 2NE1 was officially crowned the "Best New Band In the World" by MTV Iggy after winning a global voting contest that began in early October 2011. Due to the honor, 2NE1 performed for the first time at Madison Square Garden in New York City.
In 2012, Girls' Generation made their first live television debut in the United States on Live! with Kelly, Late Night with David Letterman, and Extra, promoting their international single "The Boys". They also performed in France on Le Grand Journal (Canal+).[29]
American rapper Ludacris has shown a lot of interest in the Korean music industry, particularly YG Entertainment due to their hip-hop style and image. Both Ludacris and YG Entertainment CEO Yang Hyun-Suk have hinted in a possible future collaboration with one of YG's artists, such as 2NE1 or Big Bang. Catching the interest of The Black Eyed Peas memeber will.i.am, 2NE1 is currently working on their American debut album under will.i.am's management. Memebers of The Black Eyed Peas have also performed their hit song "Where Is the Love?" with CL of 2NE1 at the 2011 Mnet Asian Music Awards. Record producer Teddy Riley has produced the girl group RaNia as well as Girls' Generation's single "The Boys". He has worked with rapper/singer Jay Park, and boy bands SHINee and EXO.
The genre continues to be embraced by the South Korean government as a tool for its soft power abroad, particularly towards global youth.
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